高二下学期英语期末试卷及答案免费

高二下学期英语期末试卷及答案免费下载

一份好的英语试题卷将能够有效的去检测一个学生的学习情况!那么关于高二英语期末试卷怎么做呢?以下是小编准备的一些高二下学期英语期末试卷及答案免费，仅供参考。

高二下学期英语期末试卷

第一部分 听力(共两节，满分20分)

听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。

第一节(共5小题;每小题1分，满分5分)

听下面5段对话。每段对话仅读一遍。

1. Where does the conversation probably take place?

A. In a post office. B. In a restaurant. C. In a shop.

2. What does the woman mean?

A. The man should study harder.

B. The man should give up.

C. She will help the man.

3. What did the woman think of her flight?

A. Boring. B. Comfortable. C. Awful.

4. What color is the woman’s dress?

A. Blue. B. White. C. Green.

5. What are the speakers going to do tomorrow afternoon?

A. Go shopping. B. Go to the park. C. See Joe and Linda.

第二节(共15小题;每小题 1 分，满分 15分)

听下面5段对话或独白，每段对话后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟;听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。

听下面一段对话，回答第6至8题。

6. What does the woman look like?

A. She is very fat. B. She is in good shape. C. She is tall and strong.

7. How many kilometers does the woman usually run every morning?

A. 3. B. 4. C. 5.

8. What will the man do this Saturday afternoon?

A. Stay at home. B. Go running. C. Play tennis.

听下面一段对话，回答第9至11题。

9. What is the probable relationship between the speakers?

A. Host and guest. B. Customer and waitress. C. Husband and wife.

10. What does the woman ask the man to do?

A. Have some soup. B. Have more rice. C. Have more fish.

11. Where does the conversation most probably take place?

A. At a restaurant. B. At the man’s. C. At the woman’s.

听下面一段对话，回答第12至14题。

12. What are the two speakers?

A. Teachers. B. Tour guides. C. Students.

13. 13. How long will the woman stay in Greece?

A. A month. B. A fortnight. C. A week.

14. What will the man do this summer?

A. Go to England. B. Take a summer job. C. Visit his parents.

听下面一段对话，回答第15至17题。

15. Why does the woman want to move out of her present flat?

A. It costs her too much.

B. It’s too far from the school.

C. It’s shared by too many roommates.

16. What kind of flat is the woman looking for?

A. One with furniture in it.

B. One having enough space.

C. One where she can live alone.

17. How is the man going to help the woman?

A. He’ll share his flat with her.

B. He’ll seek a flat in the school.

C. He’ll visit a block of flats.

听下面一段独白，回答第18至20题。

18. How often does Mrs. Ryan go to the supermarket?

A. Every night B. Every week. C. Every four days.

19. Why is the sales girl angry?

A. Kelly is crying louder and louder.

B. Tessa is eating food from the supermarket.

C. Jeff has knocked over some bottles of soda.

20. How might the manager feel when Mrs. Ryan is leaving?

A. Happy. B. Disappointed. C. Worried.

第二部分 英语知识运用(共两节，满分35分)

第一节 单项填空(共15小题;每小题1分，满分15分)

从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。

21. It was _____real struggle for Jack to get ready in such ______short time.

A. a, a B. \, a C. the, \ D. a, \

22. Many young women are always going on a diet, ______is dangerous.

A. it B. that C. what D. which

23. Healthy eating, ______regular exercise, is probably the only way to become fit.

A. apart from B. along with C. except for D. as for

24. I notice Sam had his arms ______and looked upset.

A. crossing B. cross C. crossed D. to cross

25. The boy behaves very well most of the time, but he ______be naughty now and then.

A. should B. must C. need D. can

26. It’s ______for teenagers to feel lonely and misunderstood since most of us have such feelings.

A. strange B. common C. curious D. energetic

27. The company ______many new products before finding one that was successful.

A. picked out B. turned out C. tried out D. made out

28. Only those with tickets can gain ______to the opening ceremony.

A. admission B. permission C. introduction D. instruction

29. No one knows ______how the universe began, however, some scientists believe it began with ‘a big bang’.

A. exactly B. extremely C. generally D. gradually

30. He shouldn’t have forgotten to finish it. _______, it is his duty.

A. Above all B. After all C. At all D. In all

31. ——When did you last see Lee?

——Well, it is years since I last ______him.

A. have seen B. saw C. see D. had seen

32. _______ you’ve known the trick, you are supposed to explain it to us all .

A. Even if B. As if C. Now that D. Except that

33. It’s getting late, but _______of the parents come to collect the kid.

A. both B. neither C. none D. all

34. Not until she came back home ______at ease.

A. did she feel B. had she felt C. does she feel D. has she felt

35. ——This plan is not good.

——________. I’ve never seen a worse one.

A. I’m with you. B. Come on C. Never mind D. I’ve no idea.

第二节 完形填空(共20小题;每小题1分，满分20分)

阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从36-55各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

It had been a long drive to the hospital. My brother and I had gone to visit my Dad who had been 36 days earlier, weak, sick and confused. The 37 had diagnosed him with pneumonia (肺炎) and found cancer cells in his brain. My Dad looked so 38 lying there in bed. It wasn’t just the 39 that he developed. It was being so far away from his family and friends 40 .

41 I sat by his bed, a little woman with a big smile 42 into his room. She was at least 80 years old but seemed to have the 43 of someone 60 years younger. She was a volunteer 44 handmade get-well cards from the local elementary school. 45 , she took my Dad’s hand and put a get-well card in his hand. It was the first time since he had gotten 46 that I saw my Dad smile. I 47 her into the hallway as she left and 48 her for lifting my Dad’s 49 . “I am just sharing a little 50 , sweetie,” she said with a smile as she walked into the next 51 room to share a little more.

That 80-year-old angel reminded me again of what is 52 in this life: sharing our love. When we share our love, we create 53 not only in the hearts of those 54 us, but in our own hearts as well. When we share our love, we find ourselves doing 55 we were always meant to do. When we share our love, we make our souls lighter, our lives brighter and the world better.

36. A. refused B. admitted C. hurt D. wounded

37. A. family B. patient C. nurse D. doctor

38. A. sad B. happy C. bored D. calm

39. A. work B. disease C. habit D. loneliness

40.A. once more B. in need C. as well D. on purpose

41. A. As B. Though C. Since D. If

42.A. broke B. stepped C. turned D. looked

43. A. looks B. skills C. wealth D. energy

44. A. collecting B. teaching C. selling D. delivering

45. A. Hurriedly B. Obviously C. Gently D. Suddenly

46. A. well B. caught C. sick D. bored

47. A. forced B. watched C. pushed D. followed

48. A. thanked B. questioned C. forgave D. blamed

49. A. head B. arms C. spirits D. dreams

50. A. love B. present C. time D. information

51. A. nurse’s B. doctor’s C. patient’s D. woman’s

52. A. hard B. easy C. interesting D. important

53. A. surprise B. joy C. safety D. trust

54. A. within B. beyond C. around D. above

55. A. that B. what C. w hich D. it

第三部分：阅读理解(第一节15小题，第二节5小题;每小题2分，满分40分)

第一节：阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

A

Hello, I am Sonia Comez from Argentina. I have a very exciting job, which I would like to tell you about. I am a mountain climbing instructor in Patagonia. Patagonia is a large area covering Argentina and Chile in South America. It is one of the most beautiful places in the world, and it has mountains covered with snow.

Becoming a mountain climbing instructor was a natural choice for me because I have loved the outdoors ever since I was a child. My family and I would often go walking in the mountains. Although I studied business at university, I did not want to work in an office. One day, just after I had graduated I saw an advertisement for mountain climbing instructors at Southern Way Mountain School. I applied for the job, and because of my previous experience, they hired me. I was sent on a training programme for mountain climbing instructors. Then I took a test to show that I knew the proper climbing techniques and that I could guide others. Now, seven years later, I am the assistant director of Southern Way Mountain School.

My job requires many skills. First of all, I must be a good teacher, as I have to explain mountain climbing techniques and safety rules. Because tourists come to Patagonia from all over the world, language skills are also important. My first language is Spanish, and I am also fluent in English and French. Finally, mountain climbing can be dangerous, so I am trained for emergency situations, such as how to give aid to and rescue someone if they fall or get hurt. If someone gets hurt, I have to figure out the best way to get them down the mountain without causing them any more pain.

Being a mountain climbing instructor is a great job for me. Every day, I get to be outside and enjoy beautiful scenery. I meet people from all over the world, which makes my job even more interesting. As the assistant director, I am using my education in business to make decisions about the school’s budget and hiring new instructors.

I want you to know that it is possible to combine something you love with a career.

56. The passage is probably a(n) __________.

A. speech B. advertisement C. story D. poster

57.The writer was employed for__________.

A. her previous experience B. her interest in the job

C. the training she received D. the te st she took

58. How many languages does the writer speak?

A. 2 B.3 C.4. D. 5

59. Paragraph3 is mainly about __________.

A. what skills it takes to do the job B. how to do the job well

C. whether the job is worth taking D. why the job requires skills

60. The writer thinks her job __________.

A. boring and dangerous B. interesting but tiring

C. exciting but challenging D. easy and wonderful

B

Scientists have announced that they have cloned(克隆) the first human embryo(胚胎). This has caused much debate round the world. On the one hand, some scientists point out that if you clone an embryo, you can produce valuable human tissues(组织)——such as bone or lung tissue——that could be used to save human lives. On the other hand, many people, including some scientists, disagree and are afraid that, if mankind toys with nature in this way, we may be on our way to producing a real-life Frankenstein’s monster(怪物).

Cloning is producing an exact copy of a plant or an animal using its cells. The first mammal to be cloned successfully from an adult cell was Dolly the sheep. She was born in 1996 and died in early 2003, at a much younger age than normal. When she was born, many people were worried that cloning would lead to more diseases in the animal world. However, in general the scientists were praised for their wonderful scientific advance.

Ian Wilmut, the Scottish scientist who created Dolly, is shocked that some scientists are now considering cloning human beings. Although he researches cloning, his intention has never been to create copies of humans. Instead, he thinks research efforts should concentrate on creating new tissues and organs that can be used to cure diseases like cancer. However, some people believe that cloning humans embryos with the intention of destroying them shows no respect for human life.

Even though human cloning is causing a lot of anxiety, it is good news for Faye Wilson, a 41-year-old saleswoman who cannot have a baby. “ I am anxious to have a child of my own,” she says. “I don’t want to adopt someone else’s child——if I had the chance, I would have a cloned baby right now.”

While cloning human embryos is not legal in many countries, some scientists are already pushing ahead with research in order to produce a cloned human baby. Severino Antinori, an Italian physician, has declared that he wants to be the first to clone a human being.

In China, scientists have focused their efforts on cloning animals, as well as cloned tissues to be used in medical treatment. China has succeeded in producing clones of cows and goats, and continues to research ways in which cloning can benefit mankind.

61. Paragraph1 is mainly about _________.

A. different views on cloning human embryos

B. the benefits of cloning human embryos

C. the disadvantages of cloning human embryos

D. a live debate on human embryos

62. Who created Dolly the sheep?

A. Severino Aninori B. Faye Wilson C. Ian Wilmut D. Pauline Carter

63. Dolly the sheep _________.

A. lived as long as normal sheep

B. was the first successful cloning in human history

C. caused a big problem to the scientist who cloned it

D. proved to be a wonderful scientific advance

64. We can learn from the passage that _________.

A. cloning human embryos is legal in many countries

B. China has succeeded in cloning human embryo

C. the first human being was cloned by Severino Aninori

D. human cloning is good news for those who can’t have babies

65. What’s the writer’s opinion towards cloning?

A. positive B. negative C. unconcerned D. neutral (中立的)

C

She got up early to be ready for the post. From the second floor flat she could see the postman when he came down the street, and the little boy from the ground floor brought up her letters on the rare occasions when anything came.

Today she was sure there would be something. Myra wouldn’t forget her mother’s birthday, even if she seldom wrote at other times. Of course Myra was busy. The old lady was proud of Myra. Her husband had been made Mayor, and Myra herself had got a medal for her work.

The old lady was eighty today. She had put on her best dress. Perhaps——perhaps Myra might come. After all, eighty was a special birthday.

Even if Myra did not come, she would send a present. The old lady was sure of that. Two spots of colour brightened her cheeks. She was excited——like a child. She would enjoy her day.

Yesterday Mrs. Morrison had given the flat an extra clean, and today she had brought a card and a bunch of flowers when she came to do the breakfast. Mrs. Grant downstairs had made a cake, and in the afternoon she was going down there to tea. The little boy, Johnnie, had been up with a packet of mints, and said he wouldn’t go out to play until the post had come. “I guess you’ll get lots and lots of presents.” he said.

What would she like? A pair of slippers perhaps. Or a new coat. A coat would be lovely. Blue’s such a pretty colour. Jim had always liked her in blue. Or a table lamp. Or a book, a travel book, with pictures, or a little clock, with clear black numbers. So many lovely things.

She stood by the window, watching. The postman turned round th e corner on his bicycle. Her heart beat fast. Johnnie had seen him too and ran to the gate.

Then clatter, clatter up the stairs. Johnnie knocked at her door.

“Granny, granny,” he shouted, “I’ve got your post.”

He gave her four envelopes. Three were unsealed cards from old friends. The fourth was sealed, in Myra’s writing.

“No parcel, Johnnie?”

“No, granny.”

Maybe the parcel was too large to come by letter post. That was it. It would come later by parcel post. She must be patient.

Almost unwillingly she tore the envelope open. Folded in the card was a piece of paper. Written on the card was a message under the printed Happy Birthday——Buy yourself something nice with the cheque, Myra and Harold.

The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. Slowly the old lady stooped(弯腰) to pick it up. Her present, her lovely present. With trembling fingers she tore it into little bits.

66. What was the old lady expecting exactly?

A. Her 80th birthday. B. The birthday presents.

C. Care from her daughter. D. The post from her friends.

67. What present did the old lady finally get from her daughter for the birthday?

A. A cheque B. A bird C. A parcel D. A coat

68. When getting the present, the old lady’s feeling could be described as____________.

A. excited B. delighted C. disappointed D. satisfied

69. From the story we k now____________.

A. the neighbors did something special for the lady’s birthday

B. the little boy frequently brought the old lady letters

C. Myra was so busy that she forgot her mother’s birthday

D. the old lady would like to have a coat as a birthday present

70. The passage intends to tell__________.

A. how people celebrate birthdays B. what problems old people have

C. what old people really need D. how old people should live

第二节:任务型阅读 下面文章中有5处(第71~75题)需要添加小标题。请从以下选项(A、B、C、D、E和F)中选出符合各段意思的小标题，并在答题纸上将相应选项的标号涂黑。选项中有一项是多余选项。

A. Digital Photography

B. The first photo ever

C. The first color film

D. Photography for everyone

E. The mass production of photo prints

F. A relatively faster way to take photos

The history of photography

71._________

In 1826, Joseph Nicephore Niepce, a Frenchman, created the first true photograph. He used a simple invention--- a dark box with a small opening to let the light in. The light creates a picture inside the box. Niepce was the first person to discover how to make this picture into a photograph that would last. However, the process was very slow, taking at least eight hours.

72. _________

Louise-Jacques---Mande Daguerre, also a Frenchman, worked as a painter in an ope ra hourse. In the 1830s, he invented a much faster way to take photographs. This new process was still slow and required you to carry chemicals around with you whenever you wanted to take photographs.

73._________

An Englishman, Henry Talbot, invented a new process in 1840. This new process made it possible to produce several copies of a photograph. He opened a photography factory and started the mass production of prints. While the earlier process produced high-quality photographs, this new process could produce several copies of a lower quality.

74. _________

1844, George Eastman from the USA invented the very first roll film for cameras. The invention of this film meant that you did not have to carry chemicals around any longer. In 1888, Eastman’s f irst Kodak camera appeared in the shops with Eastman’s famous slogan for Kodak: ‘You press t he button, we do the rest’. These early photographs were of course all in black and white. The first colour film appeared in shops in 1907.

75._________

In 1981, the Japanese company Sony started to sell the first camera that did not need film——the Sony Mavia. In 1991, the Kodak DCS 100 camera became the first digital camera to see widespread sales. Digital cameras record the picture as a piece of electronic data, so they do not use any film.

第II卷(共25分)

第四部分：写作(共两节，满分25分)

第一节：短文改错(共10小题;每小题1分，满分10分)

下面短文中有10处语言错误。请在有错误的地方增加、删除或修改某个单词。

增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧), 并在其下面写上该加的词。

删除：把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。

修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写上修改后的词。

注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;

2. 只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。

Many people which smoke say that smoking helps them to think better. But I strongly against smoking. First, smoking is harmfully to one’s health. People who smoke may die of different illnesses and disease. Second, smoking polluted the air. People find them impossible to work well in a room full of smoke. Third, smoking wastes of much money. It’s said that millions of dollars are spent treating diseases causing by smoking. To sum up, smoking does more harm than good. However, students should not pick up a habit of smoking.

第二节：书面表达(满分15分)

团队合作在日常生活中越来越重要，但是团队合作时会出现种种问题。请你根据下面提示写一篇英语短文。

要点：

1. 描述一次团队合作的经历。

2. 谈谈这次经历给你带来的启示。(如：合作中要注意什么…)

注意：(1)短文须包括上述要点，应适当增加细节，以使行文连贯;

(2)词数： 120左右。文章开头已经给出(不计入总词数)。

Teamwork plays an important part in our daily life，but sometimes problems will arise when we team up. I still remember ______________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

高二下学期英语期末试卷参考答案

第I卷：ACBAA BCCAC CCCBB ACBCA

ADBCD BCAAB BBBAA

BDABC ABDDC CDACA CDBCB

AABAC ACDDD CACAC BFEDA

第II卷：第一节 改错 、一行 which改who I 后加am ; 二行 harmfully 改harmful; 三行 disease改diseases 、polluted改pollutes、them改it...

第二节：书面表达(满分15分)

Possible versions：

Teamwork plays an important part in our daily life，but sometimes problems will arise when we team up. I still remember the time when 3 classmates and I teamed up to do a presentation project. At the very beginning, we couldn’t agree with each other about what topic to choose, as we each had our own fancy ideas. Later , we had a heated discussion to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of the topics we came up with. Finally, we settled our disagreement and made our final choice. It turned out that the topic we chose proved to be unique and won high praise from the teacher and other classmates.

From this experience I learned that when teaming up, we should put the interest of the team in the first place. Only in that way can we cooperate well. (118)

听力原文

Text 1

W: How long will it take this letter to get to Arkansas?

M: First class? Less than three days.

Text 2

M: I’m getting nowhere with these physics problems.

W: How about my going through them with you?

Text 3

M: How was your flight? Was it comfortable?

W: It was quite good and comfortable, but it was awfully long.

Text 4

W: Do you know Jane bought a new white evening dress?

M: A white evening dress? How do you like it?

W: Very much. In fact, I’ve got a blue one just like hers.

Text 5

W: This is a beautiful park. Shall we come again tomorrow?

M: But we planned to go sh opping.

W: We can do that in the afternoon, and come here in the morning.

M: OK, and let’s bring Joe and Linda with us. Don’t forget your dark glasses. They’ll protect your eyes from the sun.

Text 6

M: How do you keep in such good shape?

W: I used to do gymnastics, but I run nowadays.

M: Uh, huh--- and when do you do that?

W: In the mornings, before work. I usually run about five kilometers.

M: How about weekends? Do you run on weekend mornings?

W: Yeah. Besides, I play tennis on Saturday afternoons. Why not join me this coming weekend?

M: I’d love to, but I don’t know how to play tennis.

W: Don’t worry. I’ll be your teacher.

Text 7

W: Let me help you to some more fish.

M: The fish is delicious. But I’ve had enough now. I’d like to have some soup.

W: Here it is. Help yourself.

M: Thanks, I didn’t know you were so good at cooking. If my wife were here, she would be as amazed as I am.

W: Well, bring your wife along next time. I haven’t seen her f or quite some time.

M: Sure, I will. My wife will be very happy to see you, too. Well, I’m full now. Thank you for your wonderful meal.

W: I’m glad you enjoy it.

Text 8

M: Hey, Jane! What’s the rush?

W: Oh, hi, Paul! How is it going?

M: Great! My last exam is over. What about you?

W: Mine are not over yet. Still two more days to go.

M: Not bad, have you got any plans for the summer holiday?

W: Well, I’m doing some traveling next Monday.

M: Really? Where to go?

W: Greece.

M: Nice place. How long will you be there?

W: About one week.

M: Great! Are you traveling on your own?

W: Oh, no, with my parents. Are you going anywhere?

M: I’m afraid not. I think I will take a summer job and save up some money for my trip next year.

Text 9

M: Hi, Ann. How’s your new flat working out?

W: well, that’s what I’m telling you about. You see, I’ve decided to look for a new place.

M: Why, I thought you liked it. You decorated it very well.

W: Oh, I do, I like the style of it, but the distance is just killing me. Do you think you could help?

M: Oh, so, what kind of place are you looking for?

W: Well, I’ like to share a flat with one or two roommates within walking distance to school.

M: How much do you want to spend a month?

W: Uh, under 200 pounds, and I’d like a flat with furniture in it.

M: Well, I know there’s a block of flats around the corner that seems to have a few left. I’ll drop by there.

W: Thanks a lot.

Text 10

M: Oh, no! Here comes Mrs. Ryan with her four children. Every Friday night it’s the same story. The supermarket manager is watching them from the service counter, his hand on his head.

Mrs. Ryan is smiling and pushing her car around when selecting things here and there. Kelly, the youngest is sitting in the cart and screaming. Mrs. Ryan isn’t listening. Kelly is crying louder and louder. She wants ice cream Marc is putting food in the cart when his mother isn’t lo oking. He’s adding chocolates, cookies and potato chips. The supermarket manager is talking to Tessa. He’s telling her she can’t eat the apple. He’s taking bananas from her, too. The salesgirl is walking towards the manager. She is angry: she’s pulling Jeff with her. When he was running, Jeff knocked over five bottles of soda.

Thank goodness, Mrs. Ryan’s finished.” Good-bye.” Mrs. Ryan is smiling at the manager. “We’ll see you next week.”

高二英语的学习方法建议

1.高二一年的学习重点是单词积累、阅读能力的培养、听力技巧的探索以及适当积累写作素材。单词量的大小，在一定程度上决定英语水平的高低，因此，在高二一年里要花大力气去记单词，至少要把大纲要求掌握的单词熟记两遍(单词和短语不超过5000)，建议买一本高考词汇书。此外，每天坚持读1—2篇阅读(包括完型和短改)，切记，这是获得高分的保证。

2.学习外语一天也不能中断，那怕每天挤出10分钟也好。早晨和零碎时间是学外语的大好时光，应充分利用。

3.如果学厌了，不必勉强继续，但不要放下不学，可以变换一下其它的学习方法和形式，如改听录音，听英语歌曲，看外语电视节目等，这样也可以训练听力语感。

4.绝不要脱离上下文孤立地死记硬背，所以要注意语境。

5.应随时记下并背熟常用的“句套子”，并多多练习套用。

6.尽可能“心译”你接触的东西，如一闪而过的广告，偶尔听到的话语。这是一种休息方式，也是一种训练方式。

7.不要反复去看那些未经教师修改过的练习，只有那些肯定是正确的东西才值得去牢记。

8.抄录和记忆“句套子”和惯用语时，要用单数第一人称。在应用时则能根据不同时态而发挥出去。

9.外语好比碉堡，必须同时从四面八方向它围攻。如：读报纸，听广播，看外语电影、电视，听外语讲座，读外语读物等。

10.要敢于用外语说话，不要怕出错误。当别人帮你纠正错误时，不要难为情，更不要泄气。甚至可以自己设置场景，自己对自己讲，培养用英语思考问题的思维。